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Electronegativity is a fundamental concept in chemistry that determines the ability of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. It plays a crucial role in understanding various chemical reactions, polarity of molecules, and the overall behavior of elements in different compounds. In this article, we will explore the concept of electronegativity and delve into the methods used to calculate it. By understanding the calculation of electronegativity, we can gain insight into the atomic properties of elements and their role in forming bonds and determining the overall properties of compounds.
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In chemistry, electronegativity is the unit of measurement for the attraction of an atom to an electron in a chemical bond. [1] XSource of Research A highly electronegative atom will attract electrons with a strong force, whereas a low electronegativity atom will attract electrons with a weak force. Electronegativity values are used to predict the ability to form chemical bonds between atoms, so this is an important skill in basic chemistry.
Steps
Basic knowledge of electronegativity
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 1](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/4/4e/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-1-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-1-Version-3.jpg)
- This article does not cover the exact reason why atoms share electrons and have bonds between them. If you want to learn more, read this article on chemical bonding or the wikiHow article on How to Study Chemical Bonding Properties.
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 2](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/0/03/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-2-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-2-Version-3.jpg)
- For example, in the NaCl (sodium chloride) molecule, the chlorine atom has a relatively high electronegativity and the sodium atom has a relatively low electronegativity. Hence the electrons are pulled towards the chlorine atom and away from the sodium atom .
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 3](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f3/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-3-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-3-Version-3.jpg)
- This is the connection that leads to the electronegativity lookup table. Note that this table uses the Pauling electronegativity scale, which is the most common electronegativity scale. [2] XResearch Sources However, there are other ways to measure electronegativity, and some of these will be discussed below.
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 4](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/a/ac/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-4-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-4-Version-3.jpg)
- The electronegativity of an atom increases as you move to the right of the periodic table.
- The electronegativity of an atom gets higher as you move up the periodic table.
- Therefore, the atoms in the upper right corner have the most electronegativity, and the atoms in the lower left corner have the least electronegativity.
- In the NaCl example above, you probably know chlorine is more electronegative than sodium because it is located very close to the top right corner of the periodic table. In contrast, sodium is far to the left so it belongs to the group of atoms with low electronegativity.
Determine bond type by electronegativity
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- Taking the HF molecule as an example, we will subtract the electronegativity of fluorine (4,0) from the electronegativity of hydrogen (2,1). 4.0 – 2.1 = 1.9 .
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 6](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/1/15/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-6-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-6-Version-3.jpg)
- For example, the molecule O 2 has this type of bond. Since two oxygen atoms have the same electronegativity, their difference is zero.
![Image titled Water Mpecule and its electrons](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/2/24/Water-Mpecule-and-its-electrons.jpg/728px-Water-Mpecule-and-its-electrons.jpg)
- The molecule H 2 O (water) is a good example of this. The O atom is more electronegative than the two H atoms, so it holds the electrons more tightly, and causes the entire molecule to carry a partial negative charge at the O end and a partial positive charge at the H end.
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 8](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/a/a9/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-8-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-8-Version-3.jpg)
- An example is the molecule BaCl (sodium chloride). The chlorine atom has such a large negative charge that it pulls both electrons completely towards it, leaving sodium with a positive charge.
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 9](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/d/dd/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-9-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-9-Version-3.jpg)
- Metallic elements include most of the elements located to the left and middle of the periodic table. This page has a table showing which elements are metallic. [5] XResearch Sources
- The HF example above falls within this range. Since H and F are not metals, they have polar covalent bonds.
Find electronegativity according to Mulliken
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 10](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/d/d3/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-10-Version-3.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-10-Version-3.jpg)
- Perhaps you should look up this parameter in the chemical reference literature. This page provides a lookup table that you can use (scroll down to see). [6] XResearch Source
- For example, suppose we need to find the electronegativity of lithium (Li). Looking at the table on the above page, we see that the first ionization energy is 520 kJ/mp .
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 11](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/fa/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-11.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-11.jpg)
- The electron affinity of lithium is 60 kJ mp -1 .
![Image titled Calculate Electronegativity Step 12](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/5/59/Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-12.jpg/v4-728px-Calculate-Electronegativity-Step-12.jpg)
- In this example, we will solve the following:
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- EN Mulliken = (1.97×10 −3 )(E i +E ea ) + 0.19
- EN Mulliken = (1.97×10 −3 )(520 + 60) + 0.19
- EN Mulliken = 1.143 + 0.19 = 1.333
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Advice
- In addition to the Pauling and Mulliken scales, some other electronegativity scales are the Allred–Rochow, Sanderson, and Allen scales. All of these scales have their own equations for calculating electronegativity (some are quite complicated).
- Electronegativity has no units .
wikiHow is a “wiki” site, which means that many of the articles here are written by multiple authors. To create this article, 15 people, some of whom are anonymous, have edited and improved the article over time.
There are 7 references cited in this article that you can view at the bottom of the page.
This article has been viewed 79,012 times.
In chemistry, electronegativity is the unit of measurement for the attraction of an atom to an electron in a chemical bond. [1] XSource of Research A highly electronegative atom will attract electrons with a strong force, whereas a low electronegativity atom will attract electrons with a weak force. Electronegativity values are used to predict the ability to form chemical bonds between atoms, so this is an important skill in basic chemistry.
In conclusion, calculating electronegativity is an essential skill in understanding chemical bonding and the behavior of atoms. By knowing the electronegativity values of different elements, we can predict the types of bonds that will form between them. Electronegativity also helps us understand the polarity of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their physical and chemical properties. There are various methods and scales available to calculate electronegativity, such as the Pauling scale and Mulliken scale. Overall, understanding how to calculate electronegativity is a fundamental aspect of chemistry that provides valuable insights into the world of atoms and molecules.
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Related Search:
1. What is electronegativity and how is it calculated?
2. Electronegativity values of common elements.
3. How to determine the electronegativity difference in a chemical bond?
4. Use of Pauling’s scale in calculating electronegativity.
5. Steps to calculate electronegativity using Mulliken scale.
6. Electronegativity trends in the periodic table.
7. Role of electronegativity in determining the polarity of a molecule.
8. Examples of calculating electronegativity in covalent compounds.
9. How to calculate the average electronegativity in a molecule with multiple bonds?
10. Resources for advanced methods of calculating electronegativity, such as the Allred-Rochow scale.